Gandhi, Indira Priyadarshini (1917-1984), Indian
politician, who served as prime minister of India
from 1966 to 1977 and from 1980 to 1984. Gandhi’s
controversial political career ended when she
was assassinated by Sikh extremists.
Gandhi was born Indira Priyadarshini
Nehru in Allahâbâd, the only child
of Jawaharlal Nehru and Kamala Kaul Nehru. Her
father was a lawyer, a nationalist leader, and
later the first prime minister of independent
India (1947-1964). Gandhi studied at Visva-Bharati
University in Bengal and then attended the University
of Oxford in England after her mother died in
1936. In 1938 Gandhi joined the Indian National
Congress, the political organization that was
spearheading the fight for Indian independence
from British rule. In 1942 she defied social custom
by marrying a Parsi, Feroze Gandhi (no relation
to Indian nationalist leader Mohandas Gandhi).
A lawyer, Feroze was also active in the Congress,
and he and Indira were imprisoned for civil disobedience
shortly after their marriage. Later, they had
two sons, Rajiv Gandhi, born in 1944, and Sanjay
Gandhi, born in 1946. Feroze Gandhi died in 1960.
After India achieved independence
in 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru was elected prime minister
and Gandhi began acting as her father’s
official hostess and political confidante. She
moved to his home with her two young children
and accompanied him on trips abroad. She also
gained political experience in her own right during
this period. The Congress Party, which evolved
from the Indian National Congress under the leadership
of Nehru, elected Gandhi to its Working Committee
(the executive arm of the party) in 1955. In 1959
she became the party’s president. In 1962
Gandhi coordinated civil defense activities during
a border war with China.
Nehru died in 1964, and Congress
Party member Lal Bahadur Shastri replaced him
as prime minister. Shastri appointed Gandhi to
his cabinet as minister of information and broadcasting.
When Shastri died suddenly in January 1966, an
election was held in parliament to replace him.
Congress Party president Kumaraswami Kamaraj backed
Gandhi to become the new prime minister. Morarji
Desai, a veteran member of the Congress Party
and a conservative faction leader, contested her
candidacy, but most Congress leaders supported
Gandhi. Many of them apparently believed that
she would be popular with the Indian people but
also pliable to guidance from party leadership.
With the votes of the majority of the ruling Congress
Party, Gandhi won the election and became India’s
third prime minister.
Kamaraj and the other party leaders
had greatly underestimated Gandhi’s political
skills and her fierce determination. In the face
of a potentially severe famine caused by the failure
of the monsoon rains in 1965, Gandhi used her
international experience to obtain the promise
of wheat, loans, and credit from the United States.
She visited the United States in 1966, establishing
a good relationship with President Lyndon Johnson
but criticizing his decision to escalate the U.S.
conflict in Vietnam (see Vietnam War). Under pressure
from the United States and international financial
agencies, Gandhi agreed to a major devaluation
of the rupee (the Indian currency) in June 1966.
New elections held in 1967 brought
unprecedented losses for the Congress Party, but
Gandhi retained the office of prime minister and
began to move to the left, embracing socialist
policies like those of her father, Nehru. She
came into increasing conflict with the conservative
factions of the Congress Party, and in 1969 she
moved to split the party. A majority of party
members followed Gandhi to the New Congress Party,
while the remainder joined the Congress-Organization
(or O) Party, headed by Morarji Desai. Running
on a platform of Garibi Hatao, or "Remove
Poverty," Gandhi led her New Congress Party
to a sweeping victory over conservative factions
in 1971. She subsequently nationalized banking
in India, introduced limited land reform, and
ended the large pensions of India's former princely
rulers.
In early 1971 Gandhi faced a
severe foreign crisis as East and West Pakistan
became locked in a struggle over East Pakistan’s
demand for greater autonomy. After talks among
Pakistani political leaders collapsed in March,
West Pakistani troops began to ravage East Pakistan,
and East Pakistan declared its independence as
the nation of Bangladesh. Millions of native Bengalis
fled to India. Displaced Bengalis set up a government
in exile, and India helped train Bengali guerrillas
to fight against the Pakistani army. Gandhi appealed
for international help but no intervention was
undertaken. Finally, in December Gandhi ordered
an Indian invasion of East Pakistan. Less than
two weeks later, the Pakistani army surrendered
to Indian forces, and Bangladesh became an independent
country.
Although Gandhi was highly popular
after the war, food shortages, inflation, and
regional political grievances led to growing civil
unrest in India during the first half of the 1970s.
Gandhi suppressed some of these disturbances harshly,
and she centralized control of the government
and the New Congress Party in her own hands. Charges
of corruption, a swelling populist movement in
Bihâr State, and opposition within the party
followed. In 1975 the high court in Allahâbâd
convicted Gandhi of a relatively minor election
fraud during her 1971 campaign and ordered her
to resign. Before final appeals could be heard,
however, Gandhi declared a state of emergency
in India on June 26. All civil rights were suspended
and thousands of opposition leaders, journalists,
and others were imprisoned. During 21 months of
emergency rule, Gandhi initiated programs to foster
economic development and reduce inflation. She
gave increasing power to her politically ambitious
younger son, Sanjay, who organized a compulsory
sterilization campaign aimed at lowering the national
birthrate. The campaign, which mandated vasectomies
for men with families of two or more children,
met with widespread fear and resistance.
In March 1977 Gandhi lifted the
state of emergency and called a free election,
perhaps hoping to demonstrate popular support
for her regime. Instead, she lost her seat in
parliament, and the Janata Party, an alliance
of disparate opponents of her regime, soundly
defeated the New Congress Party. The Janata Party
was led by Desai, who became India’s new
prime minister. In 1978 Gandhi formed the Congress
(I) (for Indira) Party and recaptured a seat in
parliament. A short time later the new government
jailed her briefly but was unable to convict her
of any charges.
The Janata coalition had difficulty
working together, and by 1979 it had fragmented.
The government dissolved parliament and held a
new election in early 1980. Gandhi and her Congress
(I) Party, campaigning on the slogan "Elect
a Government that Works," won a major victory,
and Gandhi resumed the office of prime minister.
Sanjay also captured a seat in parliament; however,
later that year he died when the private airplane
he was piloting over New Delhi crashed. Gandhi
then began grooming her older son, Rajiv, a professional
airplane pilot, to be her political successor.
Rajiv was elected to Sanjay’s seat in parliament
in 1981. In her later years, Indira did not seem
to completely trust any political adviser or ally
except for members of her own family.
In the early 1980s Gandhi formed
an opportunistic political alliance with a young
Sikh leader named Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale in
an effort to control a Sikh secessionist movement
in the Punjab region of northwest India. This
alliance deteriorated, however, and in early 1984
Bhindranwale and his followers occupied the grounds
of the sacred Golden Temple of the Sikhs in Amritsar.
The group carried out acts of terrorism, which
led to widespread unrest in Punjab. In June Gandhi
sent the Indian army to flush out the terrorists.
Hundreds were killed in the conflict, including
Bhindranwale, many of his supporters, and many
army personnel. A few months later, in October
1984, two of Gandhi’s Sikh bodyguards took
revenge by assassinating Gandhi on the grounds
of her home. Violent anti-Sikh riots engulfed
Delhi at the news of Gandhi’s death. Within
24 hours, Gandhi’s son Rajiv was sworn in
as prime minister. In December Rajiv led the Congress
(I) Party to a resounding victory—the greatest
election victory for the Congress Party since
India’s independence—which he attributed
to his mother's martyrdom. Rajiv served as prime
minister until 1989, when the Congress Party lost
its majority in parliament and Rajiv resigned
his position. In 1991, while campaigning for reelection
near Chennai (Madras), Rajiv was assassinated
in a suicide bombing. The bombing was attributed
to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, a Tamil
separatist group seeking independence for the
Tamil minority of Sri Lanka.
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